Although counterculture is immediately linked to the 1960s, throughout history existed movements that opposed the dominant systems of social and cultural ordering. Among them is bohemianism that flourished in Paris in the 19th century up until the First World War. Its members often met in cafes to discuss ideas and to watch the bourgeoisie. They were defined by the repulsion towards materialism, strict moral values, and were notorious for their use of drugs and other psychedelic substances.
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